A small prototype that turns the full arXiv metadata population (3.15M papers, one parquet file, ~1.6 GB) into a searchable corpus — so you can answer "what is the existing research on topic X?" with real recall and immediacy, instead of the navigational links (blog posts, GitHub lists) a web search returns.

It layers semantic (embedding-based) retrieval on top of keyword search, because keyword-only search misses synonyms.

What it is

File	Role
`data.py`	Lazy loader for the arxiv-complete metadata parquet (polars `scan_parquet`). Streams rows so only the matching subset is materialized.
`embed.py`	Pluggable embedding providers: an OpenAI-compatible remote provider (production) and a dependency-free local hashing fallback (offline, no API key).
`index.py`	Builds and persists a FAISS flat L2 index + metadata sidecar (paper_id → vector, title, year, category, URL, abstract). Incremental adds.
`query.py`	The interface. Embeds the query, runs ANN search, ranks, applies filters. Falls back to keyword search if no index is available.
`search.py`	CLI tying it together.
`build_index.py`	Embeds the corpus and persists the index.

Data source

Dataset: secemp9/arxiv-complete
Config used: metadata — 3,148,796 rows, one per arXiv paper.
Columns: paper_id, title, authors, abstract, categories, primary_category, submitter, license, doi, journal_ref, comments, report_no, msc_class, acm_class, proxy, n_versions, first_version_date, latest_version_date, oai_datestamp, oai_sets, arxiv_abs_url.
Snapshot through 2026-08-26. License per paper is mixed (CC-BY, CC-BY-NC-ND, PD, …) and carried in the license column.
Related configs exist too (versions, files, and content blobs like latex/source/paper_text/ps/pdf) — this prototype only consumes metadata.

Setup

cd aisys/retrieval
uv venv ../.venv && source ../.venv/bin/activate
uv pip install -r requirements.txt

Requires Python 3.10+. faiss-cpu is needed for the ANN path; the keyword fallback works with just polars + numpy.

Running

python search.py --query "speculative decoding"

Options

--query, -q          Natural-language query (required)
--top-k              Max results (default 10)
--year-min           Only papers from this year onward
--year-max           Only papers up to this year
--category           Filter by primary_category, e.g. cs.LG
--survey-only        Only survey/overview/taxonomy papers
--keyword-only       Skip embeddings; pure keyword fallback
--embedder           "hashing" | "remote" (default: auto)
--index-name         Persisted index name (default "arxiv")
--parquet            Override the metadata parquet source

Worked example

# Semantic search (builds the index on first run)
python search.py --query "speculative decoding" --top-k 5

# Keyword-only, no embeddings
python search.py --query "speculative decoding" --keyword-only

# Surveys only, in a category
python search.py --query "speculative decoding" --survey-only --category cs.LG

Embeddings: remote (production) vs local fallback

This machine (Strix Halo, ~104 GiB unified RAM) has OOM-killed local models before, so we deliberately do not import torch or run a large local embedding model here.

Production path — set these env vars and the CLI uses a remote OpenAI-compatible embeddings endpoint:

export EMBEDDING_API_BASE=https://api.openai.com/v1
export EMBEDDING_API_KEY=sk-...
export EMBEDDING_MODEL=text-embedding-3-small

Any endpoint with the OpenAI embeddings shape works (OpenAI, Together, Groq, a local vLLM/Ollama server, …).

Offline fallback — with no key configured, the code automatically uses HashingEmbedder, a deterministic, dependency-free embedding that projects a bag of character n-grams into a fixed-size vector via the hashing trick. It needs no weights, no GPU, no internet and no API key, so the whole ANN pipeline is fully exercisable for demos and CI. (It is not semantically meaningful — synonyms are not mapped together — but it shares enough lexical overlap to cluster near the right topics.)

Swapping in a real local model (if you have the RAM)

Add a class in embed.py:

class LocalEmbedder(Embedder):
    DIM = 768
    def __init__(self):
        from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
        self._model = SentenceTransformer("all-MiniLM-L6-v2")
    def embed(self, texts):
        return self._model.encode(texts, normalize_embeddings=True)

and pass it via embedder=LocalEmbedder() to the index/query builders. The rest of the pipeline is agnostic to where the vectors come from.

How the index works

build_index.py scans the metadata (optionally filtered by category/year), embeds title + abstract for each paper, and adds the vectors to a FAISS IndexFlatL2.
It persists <index-name>.index (FAISS), <index-name>.meta.pkl (parallel arrays: id, year, category, url, title, abstract), and <index-name>.meta.json (provenance).
search.py loads that index, embeds the query, runs ANN search, and attaches metadata to each hit. Re-running build_index.py adds only new papers (incremental, keyed by paper_id).

Notes / decisions

The corpus is large (3.15M rows), so the data layer streams via lazy scan_parquet and pushes filters (year, category, survey) into the scan rather than loading everything into RAM.
--survey-only matches abstracts containing survey, comprehensive, overview, or taxonomy. Combined with semantic search this isolates the handful of survey/overview papers about a topic (e.g. ~28 for "speculative decoding").
The license column is loaded but not yet surfaced in results — a natural follow-up for any downstream licensing filter.

README.md

Retrieval layer for arxiv-complete