refactor(core): narrow the 1.0 public API

Cargo.lock

@@ -1465,6 +1465,7 @@ name = "tines"
 version = "0.3.0"
 dependencies = [
  "heapless 0.8.0",
+ "postcard",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "tines-bt",

tines-bt/src/transport.rs

@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ use bluer::{
 };
 
 use tines_core::consts::{MAX_FRAME, MAX_PEERS};
+use tines_core::frame_sender;
 use tines_core::observation::NodeId;
 use tines_core::transport::{Event, FrameBuf, SendError, Transport};
-use tines_core::wire::frame_sender;
 
 /// The radio I/O seam for [`BtTransport`].
 ///

tines-core/src/bloom.rs

@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ use crate::observation::ObservationId;
 
 /// A fixed-size salted Bloom filter keyed by `ObservationId`.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct Bloom {
+pub(crate) struct Bloom {
-    pub salt: u32,
+    pub(crate) salt: u32,
     bits: [u8; consts::SUMMARY_BYTES],
     /// Bytes in use: a power of two in `1..=SUMMARY_BYTES`.
     len: usize,

tines-core/src/consts.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 /// Wire envelope version byte prepended to every serialized `Frame`.
 ///
-/// The first byte of every frame on the wire; [`crate::wire::Frame::decode`]
+/// The first byte of every frame on the wire; `crate::wire::Frame::decode`
 /// rejects any frame whose leading byte differs from this
 /// (`WireError::VersionMismatch`), and [`crate::wire::frame_sender`] skips it.
 /// `4` is the first value in the `4..=0x7F` range that fits a single-byte
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub const REASSEMBLY_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 5000;
 pub const SEND_QUEUE_CAP: usize = 256;
 
 /// Minimum usable UDP frame size in bytes (the BLE floor below which a
-/// fragment header leaves no room for payload). [`crate::frag::fragment`] gives
+/// fragment header leaves no room for payload). `crate::frag::fragment` gives
 /// up cleanly with `WireError::TooLarge` for any `mtu` below this rather than
 /// emitting a truncated frame; the MTU sweep runs from here to [`MAX_FRAME`].
 pub const MIN_MTU: usize = 23;

tines-core/src/exchange.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Exchange state machine for tines-core.
 //!
-//! [`Exchange`] tracks the peers this node knows about and drives the
+//! `Exchange` tracks the peers this node knows about and drives the
 //! content-defined gossip protocol: acknowledging received observations,
 //! summarizing what we hold, requesting what peers are missing, and delivering
 //! observations (fragmenting them across the wire when they exceed the MTU).
@@ -13,8 +13,10 @@
 
 use crate::consts;
 use crate::{
-    Bloom, Event, Frame, NodeId, Observation, ObservationId, Reassembler, SendError, Store, Tick,
+    bloom::Bloom,
-    WireError,
+    frag::Reassembler,
+    wire::{Frame, WireError},
+    Event, NodeId, Observation, ObservationId, SendError, Store, Tick,
 };
 use heapless::Vec;
 
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ const SUMMARY_OVERHEAD: usize = 25;
 /// MTU changed). The stream is then abandoned and restarted rather than
 /// sending bytes the receiver cannot reassemble.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct InFlight {
+pub(crate) struct InFlight {
     /// The observation being fragmented.
     pub id: ObservationId,
     /// Index of the next fragment to send.
@@ -45,8 +47,8 @@ pub struct InFlight {
     pub len: usize,
 }
 
-/// Why the [`Exchange`] dropped an inbound frame it could not use; reported
+/// Why the `Exchange` dropped an inbound frame it could not use; reported
-/// via [`NodeEvent::Dropped`]. A peer's [`Exchange`] rejects expired addressed
+/// via [`NodeEvent::Dropped`]. A peer's `Exchange` rejects expired addressed
 /// observations by policy — those are *not* counted as drops.
 #[non_exhaustive]
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ pub enum DropReason {
         /// The version byte read off the wire.
         version: u8,
     },
-    /// The frame was not a valid [`Frame`] (truncated, garbage, or empty).
+    /// The frame was not a valid `Frame` (truncated, garbage, or empty).
     Malformed,
 }
 
@@ -91,7 +93,7 @@ pub enum NodeEvent<A> {
     },
 }
 
-/// The [`Exchange`]'s counted-drop table: up to [`consts::DROP_TABLE_CAP`]
+/// The `Exchange`'s counted-drop table: up to [`consts::DROP_TABLE_CAP`]
 /// distinct `(addr, DropReason)` pairs, each with a saturating count, plus a
 /// single overflow counter. Counters are drained — and reset — through
 /// [`Exchange::drain_events`].
@@ -163,8 +165,8 @@ impl<A: Clone + PartialEq> DropTable<A> {
     }
 }
 
-/// A single peer the [`Exchange`] is tracking.
+/// A single peer the `Exchange` is tracking.
-pub struct Peer<A> {
+pub(crate) struct Peer<A> {
     /// Wire address of the peer.
     pub addr: A,
     /// Node id learned from the first frame received from this peer.
@@ -266,7 +268,7 @@ struct UndoAck<A> {
 }
 
 /// The exchange state machine, tracking up to [`consts::MAX_PEERS`] peers.
-pub struct Exchange<A> {
+pub(crate) struct Exchange<A> {
     me: NodeId,
     salt: u32,
     peers: Vec<Peer<A>, { consts::MAX_PEERS }>,
@@ -763,12 +765,14 @@ impl<A: Clone + PartialEq + core::fmt::Debug> Exchange<A> {
         Some((addr, n))
     }
 
+    // Only reached from alloc-gated tests, so unused under --no-default-features.
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
     /// Returns the current peers.
     pub fn peers(&self) -> &[Peer<A>] {
         &self.peers
     }
 
-    /// [`Exchange`]s emit [`NodeEvent`]s — confirmed deliveries plus counted
+    /// `Exchange`s emit [`NodeEvent`]s — confirmed deliveries plus counted
     /// drops — through `Exchange::drain_events`; `tines` surfaces them to its
     /// transport, so the drain method is unused inside `tines-core` itself.
     ///
@@ -3103,7 +3107,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     /// A frame that passes the version gate (byte 0 is WIRE_VERSION) but whose
-    /// body isn't a valid postcard [`Frame`] is a counted malformed drop.
+    /// body isn't a valid postcard `Frame` is a counted malformed drop.
     #[test]
     fn malformed_is_counted() {
         let mut store = MemStore::new();

tines-core/src/frag.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 //! Fragmentation and reassembly of `Observation`s over a byte-oriented link.
 
 use crate::consts;
-use crate::{Frame, NodeId, Observation, ObservationId, Tick, WireError};
+use crate::{
+    wire::{Frame, WireError},
+    NodeId, Observation, ObservationId, Tick,
+};
 use heapless::Vec;
 
 /// Header allowance per fragment (bytes), pinned.
-pub const FRAG_OVERHEAD: usize = 65;
+pub(crate) const FRAG_OVERHEAD: usize = 65;
 
 /// The most fragments one observation may be split into: the reassembler
 /// tracks received indices in a `u64` bitset.
@@ -27,9 +30,11 @@ pub(crate) fn plan(len: usize, mtu: usize) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
     Some((chunk, count))
 }
 
+// Only reached from alloc-gated tests, so unused under --no-default-features.
+#[allow(dead_code)]
 /// Encodes `obs` as one Obs frame if it fits in `mtu`, else as N Frag frames.
 /// Returns the number of frames; writes each via `emit(frame_bytes)`.
-pub fn fragment(
+pub(crate) fn fragment(
     from: NodeId,
     obs: &Observation,
     mtu: usize,
@@ -74,7 +79,7 @@ pub fn fragment(
 }
 
 /// A single-slot reassembler for inbound Frag streams.
-pub struct Reassembler {
+pub(crate) struct Reassembler {
     id: Option<ObservationId>,
     count: u8,
     received: u64,

tines-core/src/lib.rs

@@ -5,29 +5,27 @@
 extern crate alloc;
 
 pub mod belief;
-pub mod bloom;
+mod bloom;
 pub mod consts;
-pub mod exchange;
+mod exchange;
-pub mod frag;
+mod frag;
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 pub mod mem_store;
 pub mod node;
 pub mod observation;
 pub mod store;
 pub mod transport;
-pub mod wire;
+mod wire;
 
 pub use belief::{BeliefPolicy, LatestWins, SelfFirst};
-pub use bloom::Bloom;
+pub use exchange::{DropReason, NodeEvent};
-pub use exchange::{DropReason, Exchange, NodeEvent, Peer};
-pub use frag::{fragment, Reassembler};
 pub use node::{Node, ObserveError};
 pub use observation::{
     Dest, NodeId, Observation, ObservationId, Payload, SigAlgo, Signature, Tick, Topic,
 };
 pub use store::{Store, StoreError, TrimPolicy};
 pub use transport::{Event, FrameBuf, SendError, Transport};
-pub use wire::{Frame, WireError};
+pub use wire::frame_sender;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 pub use mem_store::MemStore;

tines-core/src/node.rs

@@ -1,21 +1,22 @@
 //! Node facade for tines-core.
 //!
 //! [`Node`] is the single entry point that ties the [`Store`], the
-//! [`Exchange`] state machine, and a [`Transport`] together behind the two
+//! `Exchange` state machine, and a [`Transport`] together behind the two
 //! operations an application needs: [`Node::observe`] to record an observation,
 //! and [`Node::poll`] to drive the exchange.
 //!
 //! The facade never touches the heap: its only owned buffer, `out`, is a fixed
 //! `[u8; MAX_FRAME]`. It also panics on nothing — oversized topics/payloads
 //! become [`ObserveError::TooLarge`] rather than truncating, and malformed
-//! transport frames are dropped by the [`Exchange`].
+//! transport frames are dropped by the `Exchange`.
 
 use crate::{
-    consts, BeliefPolicy, Dest, Exchange, NodeEvent, NodeId, Observation, ObservationId, Payload,
+    consts, exchange::Exchange, BeliefPolicy, Dest, NodeEvent, NodeId, Observation, ObservationId,
-    Store, StoreError, Tick, Topic, Transport, TrimPolicy,
+    Payload, Store, StoreError, Tick, Topic, Transport, TrimPolicy,
 };
 
 /// Errors returned by [`Node::observe`].
+#[non_exhaustive]
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum ObserveError {
     /// The topic or payload exceeded `MAX_TOPIC`/`MAX_PAYLOAD`. The
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ impl<S: Store, T: Transport> Node<S, T> {
     ///
     /// The resulting observation has `dest = Some(Dest { to, lifetime_ms })`,
     /// so the exchange will deliver it only
-    /// to `to` (see [`Exchange`]). Returns the observation's content-derived
+    /// to `to` (see `Exchange`). Returns the observation's content-derived
     /// id. An oversized topic or payload is rejected with
     /// [`ObserveError::TooLarge`] rather than truncated; a store rejection is
     /// surfaced as [`ObserveError::Store`]. Duplicate ids are accepted (the id
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ impl<S: Store, T: Transport> Node<S, T> {
     /// Returns the number of *new* observations stored this round. If the
     /// transport refuses the frame with `Busy` or `Unreachable`, the exchange
     /// rolls back and offers the same frame on a later poll; a `TooLarge`
-    /// frame is dropped (see [`Exchange::on_send_error`]).
+    /// frame is dropped (see `Exchange::on_send_error`).
     pub fn poll(&mut self, now: Tick) -> usize {
         let mut stored = 0usize;
         while let Some(ev) = self.transport.poll() {
@@ -165,7 +166,7 @@ impl<S: Store, T: Transport> Node<S, T> {
         stored
     }
 
-    /// Drains the [`NodeEvent`]s the [`Exchange`] has collected: confirmed
+    /// Drains the [`NodeEvent`]s the `Exchange` has collected: confirmed
     /// deliveries first (oldest-first), then one [`NodeEvent::Dropped`] per
     /// counted drop.
     ///

tines-core/src/observation.rs

@@ -35,6 +35,11 @@ pub struct Dest {
 }
 
 /// An observation published by a node, with content-derived identity.
+///
+/// `#[non_exhaustive]`: a future 1.x may add fields, so build it via the
+/// constructors on [`Observation`] rather than a struct literal outside
+/// `tines-core`.
+#[non_exhaustive]
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct Observation {
     pub observer: NodeId,

tines-core/src/store.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@ use crate::observation::{Observation, ObservationId, Tick};
 /// Rules are applied in the order listed here: per-topic retention, then a
 /// global age cutoff, then a global count cap. Any field left as `None` is
 /// ignored.
+///
+/// `#[non_exhaustive]`: build via [`TrimPolicy::default`] and set fields, so a
+/// future 1.x can add policy knobs without a breaking change.
+#[non_exhaustive]
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
 pub struct TrimPolicy {
     /// Keep the `N` youngest (lowest current age) observations per exact topic.
@@ -24,6 +28,7 @@ pub struct TrimPolicy {
 }
 
 /// Errors returned by [`Store`] operations.
+#[non_exhaustive]
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum StoreError {
     /// The store is full and cannot accept new observations.

tines-core/src/transport.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ pub type FrameBuf = heapless::Vec<u8, { consts::MAX_FRAME }>;
 /// `Contact`/`Lost`; the `large_enum_variant` lint is intentionally suppressed
 /// to keep `FrameBuf` off the heap in the `no_std` core.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
 #[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
 pub enum Event<A> {
     /// A peer became reachable.
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ pub enum Event<A> {
 }
 
 /// Reasons a `Transport::send` call can fail.
+#[non_exhaustive]
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum SendError {
     /// The transport is busy with an in-flight send and cannot accept another.

tines-core/src/wire.rs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 /// large, so the informative `large_enum_variant` lint is suppressed here.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
-pub enum Frame {
+pub(crate) enum Frame {
     Summary {
         from: NodeId,
         salt: u32,
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ impl Frame {
 
 /// Peek the [`NodeId`] a wire frame was sent by, without fully decoding it.
 ///
-/// A [`Frame`] envelope is a `WIRE_VERSION` byte, then an externally-tagged
+/// A `Frame` envelope is a `WIRE_VERSION` byte, then an externally-tagged
 /// postcard enum: `bytes[0]` is the version, `bytes[1]` the variant tag, and
 /// `from` (the first field) occupies the 16 bytes at `bytes[2..18]`. This skips
 /// the two leading bytes, reads those 16 bytes, and returns `None` for anything
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ pub fn frame_sender(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<NodeId> {
 
 /// Errors produced while (de)serializing frames on the wire.
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum WireError {
+pub(crate) enum WireError {
     /// The output buffer was too small to hold the serialized frame.
     TooLarge,
     /// The input bytes were malformed, truncated, or not a valid `Frame`.

tines-core/tests/public_api.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//! Compile probe for the tines-core 1.0 public surface (Task 5).
+//!
+//! Every `use` path here must keep resolving against `tines_core`. A future
+//! change that removes any of these items from the public API — or drops a
+//! crate-root re-export that Task 5 established — fails to build here, which
+//! is exactly what the probe guards against. CI compiles it on the workspace
+//! both with and without the default (alloc) features.
+#![allow(unused_imports)]
+
+// Re-exported at the crate root by Task 5's `tines_core::lib`.
+use tines_core::consts::WIRE_VERSION;
+use tines_core::{
+    belief::{BeliefPolicy, LatestWins, SelfFirst},
+    node::{Node, ObserveError},
+    observation::{
+        Dest, NodeId, Observation, ObservationId, Payload, SigAlgo, Signature, Tick, Topic,
+    },
+    store::{Store, StoreError, TrimPolicy},
+    transport::{Event, FrameBuf, SendError, Transport},
+    DropReason, NodeEvent,
+};
+use tines_core::{consts, frame_sender};
+
+// `MemStore` lives behind the `alloc` feature.
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+use tines_core::MemStore;

tines-sim/src/world.rs

@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ impl SimWorld {
     /// A test seam: it lets tests feed arbitrary or malformed byte strings
     /// straight to a node's exchange, which is where the "never panic on
     /// untrusted wire input" guarantee lives. The frame is not validated here —
-    /// a malformed frame is dropped by the receiving node's
+    /// a malformed frame is dropped by the receiving
-    /// [`Exchange`](tines_core::Exchange) rather than stored.
+    /// [`Node`](tines_core::Node) rather than stored.
     pub fn inject_frame(&mut self, node: usize, peer: usize, bytes: FrameBuf) {
         self.inboxes[node].push_back(Event::Frame(peer, bytes));
     }

tines-store/src/log.rs

@@ -1016,15 +1016,13 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     fn obs(observer: [u8; 16], seq: u64, age: u64, at: Option<u64>) -> Observation {
-        Observation {
+        // `Observation` is `#[non_exhaustive]` outside `tines-core` (Task 5);
-            observer,
+        // build it via the public constructor instead of a struct literal.
-            seq,
+        let base = Observation::broadcast(observer, seq, b"door/3", b"open").aged(age);
-            age_ms: age,
+        if let Some(at) = at {
-            observed_at: at,
+            base.with_observed_at(at)
-            topic: tines_core::Topic::from_slice(b"door/3").unwrap(),
+        } else {
-            payload: tines_core::Payload::from_slice(b"open").unwrap(),
+            base
-            dest: None,
-            sig: None,
         }
     }
 

tines-store/tests/persistence.rs

@@ -7,21 +7,19 @@ use std::io::Write;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
 
-use tines_core::{Observation, Payload, Store, Topic};
+use tines_core::{Observation, Store};
 use tines_store::LogStore;
 
 static COUNTER: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
 
 fn obs(observer: [u8; 16], seq: u64, age: u64, at: Option<u64>) -> Observation {
-    Observation {
+    // `Observation` is `#[non_exhaustive]` outside `tines-core` (Task 5);
-        observer,
+    // build it via the public constructor instead of a struct literal.
-        seq,
+    let base = Observation::broadcast(observer, seq, b"door/3", b"open").aged(age);
-        age_ms: age,
+    if let Some(at) = at {
-        observed_at: at,
+        base.with_observed_at(at)
-        topic: Topic::from_slice(b"door/3").unwrap(),
+    } else {
-        payload: Payload::from_slice(b"open").unwrap(),
+        base
-        dest: None,
-        sig: None,
     }
 }
 
@@ -335,20 +333,13 @@ mod fleet_fixes_f5 {
     use super::*;
     use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;
     use std::path::Path;
-    use tines_core::{Observation, Payload, Store, Topic};
+    use tines_core::{Observation, Store};
     use tines_store::LogStore;
 
     fn a_obs(observer: [u8; 16], seq: u64) -> Observation {
-        Observation {
+        // `Observation` is `#[non_exhaustive]` outside `tines-core` (Task 5);
-            observer,
+        // build it via the public constructor instead of a struct literal.
-            seq,
+        Observation::broadcast(observer, seq, b"door/3", b"open").with_observed_at(10)
-            age_ms: 0,
-            observed_at: Some(10),
-            topic: Topic::from_slice(b"door/3").unwrap(),
-            payload: Payload::from_slice(b"open").unwrap(),
-            dest: None,
-            sig: None,
-        }
     }
 
     /// Flip a byte in the body of the `n`-th record after the header (0 = Boot),

tines/Cargo.toml

@@ -19,3 +19,7 @@ serde_json = "1"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 heapless = "0.8"
+# Only for the ipc mock peer, which reconstructs wire frames from tines-core's
+# public `Observation` to classify inbound and synthesize ack/summary frames —
+# without reaching into the private `Frame` enum.
+postcard = "1"

tines/tests/ipc.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ use heapless::Vec as HeaplessVec;
 use std::fmt::Write as _;
 use tines::{handle, serve, HostClock, Request, Response};
 use tines_core::{
-    consts, Event, Frame, FrameBuf, Node, NodeEvent, NodeId, ObservationId, SendError, Transport,
+    consts, Event, FrameBuf, Node, NodeEvent, NodeId, Observation, ObservationId, SendError,
+    Transport,
 };
 use tines_store::LogStore;
 
@@ -56,27 +57,27 @@ impl Transport for MockTransport {
 
     fn send(&mut self, to: &NodeId, frame: &[u8]) -> Result<(), SendError> {
         self.sent.push(frame.to_vec());
-        match Frame::decode(frame) {
+        match frame_kind(frame) {
-            Ok(Frame::Obs { obs, .. }) => {
+            Some(OBS_TAG) => {
                 // A well-behaved peer acks each distinct observed broadcast.
-                if self.acked.insert(obs.id()) {
+                if let Ok((_, obs)) = postcard::from_bytes::<(NodeId, Observation)>(&frame[2..]) {
-                    let ack = ack_frame(*to, obs.id());
+                    if self.acked.insert(obs.id()) {
-                    self.pending.push_back(frame_event(*to, &ack));
+                        self.pending.push_back(ack_event(*to, obs.id()));
+                    }
                 }
             }
-            Ok(Frame::Summary { salt, .. }) => {
+            Some(SUMMARY_TAG) => {
                 // Echo back an empty, full-size Summary so the exchange learns
                 // the peer holds nothing and broadcasts its diff (which we then
                 // ack, firing a NodeEvent::Delivered).
-                let raw: [u8; consts::SUMMARY_BYTES] = [0u8; consts::SUMMARY_BYTES];
+                if let Ok((from, salt, _)) = postcard::from_bytes::<(
-                let bits: HeaplessVec<u8, { consts::SUMMARY_BYTES }> =
+                    NodeId,
-                    HeaplessVec::from_slice(&raw).expect("512 fits SUMMARY_BYTES");
+                    u32,
-                let reply = Frame::Summary {
+                    HeaplessVec<u8, { consts::SUMMARY_BYTES }>,
-                    from: *to,
+                )>(&frame[2..])
-                    salt,
+                {
-                    bits,
+                    self.pending.push_back(summary_event(from, salt));
-                };
+                }
-                self.pending.push_back(frame_event(*to, &reply));
             }
             _ => {}
         }
@@ -88,21 +89,51 @@ impl Transport for MockTransport {
     }
 }
 
-fn ack_frame(from: NodeId, id: ObservationId) -> Frame {
+// Wire-variant tags, mirroring tines-core's private `Frame` enum order
-    let ids: HeaplessVec<ObservationId, { consts::ACK_IDS_CAP }> =
+// (Summary=0, Obs=1, Frag=2, Ack=3). tines-core keeps `Frame` internal, so the
-        HeaplessVec::from_slice(&[id]).expect("one id fits ACK_IDS_CAP");
+// mock peer re-derives these here to classify inbound frames and synthesize the
-    Frame::Ack { from, ids }
+// acks/summaries the exchange expects from a well-behaved peer.
+const SUMMARY_TAG: u8 = 0;
+const OBS_TAG: u8 = 1;
+const ACK_TAG: u8 = 3;
+
+/// Returns a wire frame's postcard variant tag, or `None` if `frame` is not a
+/// well-formed tines frame (too short, or a wrong leading version byte).
+fn frame_kind(frame: &[u8]) -> Option<u8> {
+    (frame.len() >= 2 && frame[0] == consts::WIRE_VERSION).then_some(frame[1])
 }
 
-fn frame_event(from: NodeId, frame: &Frame) -> Event<NodeId> {
+/// Encode a `Frame`-variant-shaped tuple as wire bytes: the WIRE_VERSION byte,
+/// the variant tag, then the postcard payload — mirroring tines-core's
+/// internal `Frame::encode`, using only `tines_core`'s public types.
+fn encode_frame<T: serde::Serialize>(from: NodeId, tag: u8, payload: &T) -> Event<NodeId> {
     let mut buf = [0u8; consts::MAX_FRAME];
-    let n = frame.encode(&mut buf).expect("frame fits MAX_FRAME");
+    buf[0] = consts::WIRE_VERSION;
+    buf[1] = tag;
+    let n = postcard::to_slice(payload, &mut buf[2..])
+        .expect("frame fits MAX_FRAME")
+        .len();
     Event::Frame(
         from,
-        FrameBuf::from_slice(&buf[..n]).expect("frame fits FrameBuf"),
+        FrameBuf::from_slice(&buf[..2 + n]).expect("frame fits FrameBuf"),
     )
 }
 
+/// Synthesize the Ack a well-behaved peer sends for one observed id.
+fn ack_event(from: NodeId, id: ObservationId) -> Event<NodeId> {
+    let ids: HeaplessVec<ObservationId, { consts::ACK_IDS_CAP }> =
+        HeaplessVec::from_slice(&[id]).expect("one id fits ACK_IDS_CAP");
+    encode_frame(from, ACK_TAG, &(from, ids))
+}
+
+/// Synthesize the full-size, all-zero Summary a well-behaved peer echoes for an
+/// incoming Summary (telling the exchange the peer holds nothing).
+fn summary_event(from: NodeId, salt: u32) -> Event<NodeId> {
+    let bits: HeaplessVec<u8, { consts::SUMMARY_BYTES }> =
+        HeaplessVec::from_slice(&[0u8; consts::SUMMARY_BYTES]).expect("512 fits SUMMARY_BYTES");
+    encode_frame(from, SUMMARY_TAG, &(from, salt, bits))
+}
+
 fn topic() -> Vec<u8> {
     b"tines/test".to_vec()
 }