Add unikernel runtime: run services as Nanos VMs under QEMU/KVM
Implements the hypervisor design's Phase 1: a second runtime.Runtime backend (QEMU) that runs each service component as a Nanos unikernel VM instead of a podman container, selected per-component via a new runtime = "unikernel" service-def field. - internal/runtime/qemu.go: QEMURuntime. Pull extracts the ELF from the OCI image; Run does `ops build` + boots qemu-system-x86_64 with KVM, user-mode net port-forwards, QMP control socket and serial console log; Stop/Remove/Inspect/List/Logs map onto VM lifecycle + state dir. - proto/registry/servicedef: add runtime, memory_mb, vcpus fields (registry migration 5). - agent: holds both runtimes; runtimeFor() selects per component; listAllContainers() merges containers + VMs so drift/status see both. Unikernel runtime auto-enables on nodes with /dev/kvm + ops. Validated end-to-end on straylight: a test service deploys via `mcp deploy --direct`, boots as a Nanos unikernel, serves HTTP through the agent port-forward, and reports running via `mcp status`/`mcp logs`. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
This commit is contained in:
Kyle Isom
558
internal/runtime/qemu.go
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558
internal/runtime/qemu.go
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@@ -0,0 +1,558 @@
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package runtime
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import (
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"context"
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"crypto/sha256"
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"encoding/hex"
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"encoding/json"
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"fmt"
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"net"
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"os"
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"os/exec"
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"path/filepath"
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"strconv"
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"strings"
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"syscall"
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"time"
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)
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// dialUnix connects to a unix-domain socket with a timeout.
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func dialUnix(path string, timeout time.Duration) (net.Conn, error) {
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return net.DialTimeout("unix", path, timeout)
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}
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// QEMU implements the Runtime interface by running services as Nanos
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// unikernel virtual machines under QEMU/KVM instead of containers.
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//
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// Each service component becomes a single-process VM with its own kernel.
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// The lifecycle maps onto the same Runtime interface as Podman so the agent
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// can treat unikernels and containers uniformly:
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//
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// Pull -> pull the OCI image, extract the ELF binary, cache it
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// Run -> `ops build` the binary into a Nanos image, boot it under QEMU
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// Stop -> graceful QMP powerdown, then SIGTERM/SIGKILL the QEMU process
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// Remove -> stop and delete the VM state directory
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// Inspect -> read persisted metadata + check process liveness
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// List -> enumerate VM state directories
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// Logs -> stream the serial console log file
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//
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// Phase 1 uses QEMU user-mode networking with host port forwards, which is
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// functionally equivalent to rootless podman's localhost port mappings:
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// mc-proxy routes to 127.0.0.1:<hostport> exactly as it does for containers.
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// Isolated bridge networking is a later phase.
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type QEMU struct {
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// ImageDir holds built Nanos images and extracted binaries.
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// Default: /srv/mcp/images
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ImageDir string
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// StateDir holds per-VM runtime state (pidfile, QMP socket, console log,
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// metadata). Default: /srv/mcp/vm
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StateDir string
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// OpsPath is the path to the `ops` Nanos toolchain binary. Default: "ops".
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OpsPath string
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// QemuPath is the path to qemu-system-x86_64. Default: "qemu-system-x86_64".
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QemuPath string
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// Memory is the default guest memory in MB when a spec does not set one.
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Memory int
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// HomeDir is set as $HOME for `ops` so it uses a stable ~/.ops directory.
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HomeDir string
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}
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func (q *QEMU) imageDir() string {
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if q.ImageDir != "" {
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return q.ImageDir
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}
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return "/srv/mcp/images"
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}
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func (q *QEMU) stateDir() string {
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if q.StateDir != "" {
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return q.StateDir
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}
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return "/srv/mcp/vm"
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}
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func (q *QEMU) opsPath() string {
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if q.OpsPath != "" {
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return q.OpsPath
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}
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return "ops"
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}
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func (q *QEMU) qemuPath() string {
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if q.QemuPath != "" {
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return q.QemuPath
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}
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return "qemu-system-x86_64"
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}
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func (q *QEMU) memory() int {
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if q.Memory > 0 {
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return q.Memory
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}
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return 256
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}
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// opsEnv returns the environment for invoking `ops`, pinning $HOME so its
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// cache and image directory are stable across invocations.
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func (q *QEMU) opsEnv() []string {
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env := os.Environ()
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if q.HomeDir != "" {
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env = append(env, "HOME="+q.HomeDir)
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}
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return env
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}
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// sanitizeImage turns an image reference into a filesystem-safe stem.
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//
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// "mcr.example:8443/mcdoc:v0.1.0" -> "mcr.example_8443_mcdoc_v0.1.0"
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func sanitizeImage(image string) string {
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r := strings.NewReplacer("/", "_", ":", "_")
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return r.Replace(image)
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}
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// binaryName derives the in-image ELF binary name from an image reference by
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// taking the repository basename. "host:8443/mcdoc:v0.1.0" -> "mcdoc".
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func binaryName(image string) string {
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name := image
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if i := strings.LastIndex(name, "/"); i >= 0 {
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name = name[i+1:]
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}
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if i := strings.Index(name, ":"); i >= 0 {
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name = name[:i]
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}
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return name
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}
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func (q *QEMU) binPath(image string) string {
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return filepath.Join(q.imageDir(), sanitizeImage(image)+".bin")
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}
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func (q *QEMU) imgPath(name string) string {
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return filepath.Join(q.imageDir(), name+".img")
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}
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func (q *QEMU) vmDir(name string) string {
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return filepath.Join(q.stateDir(), name)
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}
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// vmMeta is the persisted per-VM metadata written at Run time so that
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// Inspect/List can report accurate information after an agent restart.
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type vmMeta struct {
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Name string `json:"name"`
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Image string `json:"image"`
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User string `json:"user"`
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Restart string `json:"restart"`
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Ports []string `json:"ports"`
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Volumes []string `json:"volumes"`
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Cmd []string `json:"cmd"`
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MemoryMB int `json:"memory_mb"`
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VCPUs int `json:"vcpus"`
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ImageHash string `json:"image_hash"`
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Started time.Time `json:"started"`
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}
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// Pull pulls the OCI image and extracts its ELF binary into the image cache.
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// The binary is the input to `ops build`; the Nanos image itself is built at
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// Run time so the service's command arguments can be baked in.
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func (q *QEMU) Pull(ctx context.Context, image string) error {
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if err := os.MkdirAll(q.imageDir(), 0o750); err != nil {
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return fmt.Errorf("create image dir: %w", err)
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}
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// Pull the OCI image via podman (reuses the agent's registry auth).
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if out, err := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "podman", "pull", image).CombinedOutput(); err != nil { //nolint:gosec // args built programmatically
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return fmt.Errorf("podman pull %q: %w: %s", image, err, out)
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}
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// Create (do not start) a container to copy the binary out of.
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tmp := "ukextract-" + sanitizeImage(image)
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_ = exec.CommandContext(ctx, "podman", "rm", "-f", tmp).Run() //nolint:gosec
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if out, err := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "podman", "create", "--name", tmp, image).CombinedOutput(); err != nil { //nolint:gosec
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return fmt.Errorf("podman create %q: %w: %s", image, err, out)
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}
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defer func() { _ = exec.Command("podman", "rm", "-f", tmp).Run() }() //nolint:gosec
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bin := binaryName(image)
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src := tmp + ":/usr/local/bin/" + bin
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dst := q.binPath(image)
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if out, err := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "podman", "cp", src, dst).CombinedOutput(); err != nil { //nolint:gosec
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return fmt.Errorf("extract binary %q from %q: %w: %s", bin, image, err, out)
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}
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if err := os.Chmod(dst, 0o755); err != nil { //nolint:gosec // unikernel ELF must be executable
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return fmt.Errorf("chmod extracted binary: %w", err)
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}
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return nil
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}
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// opsConfig is the subset of the `ops` build configuration we generate.
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type opsConfig struct {
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Args []string `json:"Args,omitempty"`
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Env map[string]string `json:"Env,omitempty"`
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RunConfig opsRunConfig `json:"RunConfig"`
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}
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type opsRunConfig struct {
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Ports []string `json:"Ports,omitempty"`
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Memory string `json:"Memory,omitempty"`
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CPUs int `json:"CPUs,omitempty"`
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Klibs []string `json:"Klibs,omitempty"`
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Mounts any `json:"Mounts,omitempty"`
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NoTrace []string `json:"NoTrace,omitempty"`
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GDBPort int `json:"GDBPort,omitempty"`
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Nanos string `json:"Nanos,omitempty"`
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Hostname string `json:"Hostname,omitempty"`
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}
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// guestPorts extracts the guest (container) port from each spec port mapping.
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// Accepts "host:container", "ip:host:container", or a bare "port".
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func guestPorts(ports []string) []string {
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var gp []string
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for _, p := range ports {
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parts := strings.Split(p, ":")
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gp = append(gp, parts[len(parts)-1])
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}
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return gp
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}
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// hostForward builds the QEMU hostfwd value for a spec port mapping.
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// "ip:host:container" -> "tcp:ip:host-:container"
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// "host:container" -> "tcp:127.0.0.1:host-:container"
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func hostForward(p string) string {
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parts := strings.Split(p, ":")
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switch len(parts) {
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case 3:
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return fmt.Sprintf("tcp:%s:%s-:%s", parts[0], parts[1], parts[2])
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case 2:
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return fmt.Sprintf("tcp:127.0.0.1:%s-:%s", parts[0], parts[1])
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default:
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return fmt.Sprintf("tcp:127.0.0.1:%s-:%s", parts[0], parts[0])
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}
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}
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// Run builds the Nanos image (if needed) and boots it under QEMU/KVM.
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func (q *QEMU) Run(ctx context.Context, spec ContainerSpec) error {
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if err := os.MkdirAll(q.vmDir(spec.Name), 0o750); err != nil {
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return fmt.Errorf("create vm state dir: %w", err)
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}
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mem := spec.MemoryMB
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if mem <= 0 {
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mem = q.memory()
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}
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cpus := spec.VCPUs
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if cpus <= 0 {
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cpus = 1
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}
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// Build the Nanos image from the extracted binary, baking in command args.
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cfg := opsConfig{
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Args: spec.Cmd,
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RunConfig: opsRunConfig{
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Ports: guestPorts(spec.Ports),
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Memory: strconv.Itoa(mem) + "m",
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CPUs: cpus,
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},
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}
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if len(spec.Env) > 0 {
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cfg.Env = map[string]string{}
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for _, e := range spec.Env {
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if i := strings.Index(e, "="); i >= 0 {
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cfg.Env[e[:i]] = e[i+1:]
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}
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}
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}
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cfgPath := filepath.Join(q.vmDir(spec.Name), "ops.json")
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cfgBytes, err := json.MarshalIndent(cfg, "", " ")
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if err != nil {
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return fmt.Errorf("marshal ops config: %w", err)
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}
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if err := os.WriteFile(cfgPath, cfgBytes, 0o640); err != nil { //nolint:gosec // mcp-group-readable config
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return fmt.Errorf("write ops config: %w", err)
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}
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img := q.imgPath(spec.Name)
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bin := q.binPath(spec.Image)
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if _, err := os.Stat(bin); err != nil {
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return fmt.Errorf("binary not found for %q (Pull first): %w", spec.Image, err)
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}
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build := exec.CommandContext(ctx, q.opsPath(), "build", bin, "-c", cfgPath, "-i", spec.Name) //nolint:gosec
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build.Env = q.opsEnv()
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if out, err := build.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
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return fmt.Errorf("ops build %q: %w: %s", spec.Name, err, out)
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}
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// ops writes to ~/.ops/images/<name>.img; move it into our image dir.
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opsImg := filepath.Join(q.opsImagesDir(), spec.Name+".img")
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if _, err := os.Stat(opsImg); err == nil {
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if err := os.Rename(opsImg, img); err != nil {
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// Cross-device fallback: copy.
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if cpErr := copyFile(opsImg, img); cpErr != nil {
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return fmt.Errorf("relocate built image: %w", err)
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}
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_ = os.Remove(opsImg)
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}
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}
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hash, _ := fileSHA256(img)
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// Assemble QEMU invocation: KVM-accelerated, headless, serial console to a
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// file, QMP control socket, virtio disk + NIC with user-mode port forwards.
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netdev := "user,id=n0"
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for _, p := range spec.Ports {
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netdev += ",hostfwd=" + hostForward(p)
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}
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args := []string{
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"-enable-kvm",
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"-m", strconv.Itoa(mem),
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"-smp", strconv.Itoa(cpus),
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"-display", "none",
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"-no-reboot",
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"-daemonize",
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"-pidfile", filepath.Join(q.vmDir(spec.Name), "qemu.pid"),
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"-serial", "file:" + filepath.Join(q.vmDir(spec.Name), "console.log"),
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"-qmp", "unix:" + filepath.Join(q.vmDir(spec.Name), "qmp.sock") + ",server,nowait",
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"-drive", "file=" + img + ",format=raw,if=virtio",
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"-device", "virtio-net-pci,netdev=n0",
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"-netdev", netdev,
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}
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// 9p passthrough for host /srv/<service> volumes (best-effort; Nanos must
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// support the 9p client for the guest to mount it).
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for i, v := range spec.Volumes {
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parts := strings.SplitN(v, ":", 2)
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host := parts[0]
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tag := fmt.Sprintf("srv%d", i)
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args = append(args,
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"-virtfs", fmt.Sprintf("local,path=%s,mount_tag=%s,security_model=none,id=%s", host, tag, tag),
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)
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}
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cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, q.qemuPath(), args...) //nolint:gosec
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if out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
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return fmt.Errorf("qemu launch %q: %w: %s", spec.Name, err, out)
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}
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meta := vmMeta{
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Name: spec.Name,
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Image: spec.Image,
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User: spec.User,
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Restart: spec.Restart,
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Ports: spec.Ports,
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Volumes: spec.Volumes,
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Cmd: spec.Cmd,
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MemoryMB: mem,
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VCPUs: cpus,
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ImageHash: hash,
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Started: time.Now().UTC(),
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}
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return q.writeMeta(spec.Name, meta)
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}
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func (q *QEMU) opsImagesDir() string {
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home := q.HomeDir
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if home == "" {
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home, _ = os.UserHomeDir()
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}
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return filepath.Join(home, ".ops", "images")
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}
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func (q *QEMU) writeMeta(name string, m vmMeta) error {
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b, err := json.MarshalIndent(m, "", " ")
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if err != nil {
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return fmt.Errorf("marshal vm meta: %w", err)
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}
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return os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(q.vmDir(name), "meta.json"), b, 0o640) //nolint:gosec // mcp-group-readable metadata
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}
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func (q *QEMU) readMeta(name string) (vmMeta, error) {
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var m vmMeta
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b, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(q.vmDir(name), "meta.json"))
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if err != nil {
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return m, err
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}
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return m, json.Unmarshal(b, &m)
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}
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// pidOf returns the running QEMU pid for a VM, or 0 if not running.
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func (q *QEMU) pidOf(name string) int {
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b, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(q.vmDir(name), "qemu.pid"))
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if err != nil {
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return 0
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}
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pid, err := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(string(b)))
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if err != nil || pid <= 0 {
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return 0
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}
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if err := syscall.Kill(pid, 0); err != nil {
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return 0
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}
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return pid
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}
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// Stop gracefully powers down the VM, falling back to SIGTERM/SIGKILL.
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func (q *QEMU) Stop(ctx context.Context, name string) error {
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pid := q.pidOf(name)
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if pid == 0 {
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return nil
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}
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// Try a graceful QMP system_powerdown.
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_ = q.qmpCommand(name, "system_powerdown")
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deadline := time.Now().Add(10 * time.Second)
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for time.Now().Before(deadline) {
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if q.pidOf(name) == 0 {
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return nil
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}
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time.Sleep(300 * time.Millisecond)
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}
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// Escalate.
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_ = syscall.Kill(pid, syscall.SIGTERM)
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time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
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if q.pidOf(name) != 0 {
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_ = syscall.Kill(pid, syscall.SIGKILL)
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}
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return nil
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}
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// qmpCommand sends a single QMP command over the VM's control socket.
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func (q *QEMU) qmpCommand(name, command string) error {
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sock := filepath.Join(q.vmDir(name), "qmp.sock")
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conn, err := dialUnix(sock, 3*time.Second)
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if err != nil {
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return err
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}
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defer func() { _ = conn.Close() }()
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// QMP handshake: read greeting, send qmp_capabilities, then the command.
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dec := json.NewDecoder(conn)
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var greeting map[string]any
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_ = dec.Decode(&greeting)
|
||||
_, _ = conn.Write([]byte(`{"execute":"qmp_capabilities"}`))
|
||||
var ack map[string]any
|
||||
_ = dec.Decode(&ack)
|
||||
_, err = conn.Write([]byte(`{"execute":"` + command + `"}`))
|
||||
return err
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Remove stops the VM and deletes its state directory.
|
||||
func (q *QEMU) Remove(ctx context.Context, name string) error {
|
||||
_ = q.Stop(ctx, name)
|
||||
if pid := q.pidOf(name); pid != 0 {
|
||||
_ = syscall.Kill(pid, syscall.SIGKILL)
|
||||
}
|
||||
return os.RemoveAll(q.vmDir(name))
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Inspect reports the observed state of a VM.
|
||||
func (q *QEMU) Inspect(ctx context.Context, name string) (ContainerInfo, error) {
|
||||
m, err := q.readMeta(name)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return ContainerInfo{}, fmt.Errorf("qemu inspect %q: %w", name, err)
|
||||
}
|
||||
state := "stopped"
|
||||
if q.pidOf(name) != 0 {
|
||||
state = "running"
|
||||
}
|
||||
return q.infoFromMeta(m, state), nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func (q *QEMU) infoFromMeta(m vmMeta, state string) ContainerInfo {
|
||||
return ContainerInfo{
|
||||
Name: m.Name,
|
||||
Image: m.Image,
|
||||
State: state,
|
||||
Network: "user",
|
||||
User: m.User,
|
||||
Restart: m.Restart,
|
||||
Ports: m.Ports,
|
||||
Volumes: m.Volumes,
|
||||
Cmd: m.Cmd,
|
||||
Version: ExtractVersion(m.Image),
|
||||
Started: m.Started,
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// List enumerates all VMs known from the state directory.
|
||||
func (q *QEMU) List(ctx context.Context) ([]ContainerInfo, error) {
|
||||
entries, err := os.ReadDir(q.stateDir())
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
if os.IsNotExist(err) {
|
||||
return nil, nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
return nil, fmt.Errorf("read vm state dir: %w", err)
|
||||
}
|
||||
var infos []ContainerInfo
|
||||
for _, e := range entries {
|
||||
if !e.IsDir() {
|
||||
continue
|
||||
}
|
||||
m, err := q.readMeta(e.Name())
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
continue
|
||||
}
|
||||
state := "stopped"
|
||||
if q.pidOf(e.Name()) != 0 {
|
||||
state = "running"
|
||||
}
|
||||
infos = append(infos, q.infoFromMeta(m, state))
|
||||
}
|
||||
return infos, nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Logs streams the VM's serial console log.
|
||||
func (q *QEMU) Logs(ctx context.Context, name string, tail int, follow, timestamps bool, since string) *exec.Cmd {
|
||||
console := filepath.Join(q.vmDir(name), "console.log")
|
||||
args := []string{}
|
||||
if follow {
|
||||
args = append(args, "-f")
|
||||
}
|
||||
if tail > 0 {
|
||||
args = append(args, "-n", strconv.Itoa(tail))
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
args = append(args, "-n", "+1")
|
||||
}
|
||||
args = append(args, console)
|
||||
return exec.CommandContext(ctx, "tail", args...) //nolint:gosec
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Build builds a Nanos image from a context directory's binary. Used by the
|
||||
// `mcp build --unikernel` path. Not the primary deploy path.
|
||||
func (q *QEMU) Build(ctx context.Context, image, contextDir, dockerfile string) error {
|
||||
return fmt.Errorf("qemu build: not implemented; build OCI image then Pull")
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Push is not implemented for the QEMU runtime.
|
||||
func (q *QEMU) Push(ctx context.Context, image string) error {
|
||||
return fmt.Errorf("qemu push: not implemented")
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ImageExists reports whether the extracted binary for the image is cached.
|
||||
func (q *QEMU) ImageExists(ctx context.Context, image string) (bool, error) {
|
||||
if _, err := os.Stat(q.binPath(image)); err == nil {
|
||||
return true, nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
return false, nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Login delegates registry auth to podman (shared credential store).
|
||||
func (q *QEMU) Login(ctx context.Context, registry, username, token string) error {
|
||||
cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "podman", "login", "--username", username, "--password-stdin", registry) //nolint:gosec
|
||||
cmd.Stdin = strings.NewReader(token)
|
||||
if out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
|
||||
return fmt.Errorf("podman login %q: %w: %s", registry, err, out)
|
||||
}
|
||||
return nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func fileSHA256(path string) (string, error) {
|
||||
b, err := os.ReadFile(path) //nolint:gosec // hashing a known image path
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return "", err
|
||||
}
|
||||
sum := sha256.Sum256(b)
|
||||
return hex.EncodeToString(sum[:]), nil
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func copyFile(src, dst string) error {
|
||||
in, err := os.ReadFile(src) //nolint:gosec // relocating a built image
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
return err
|
||||
}
|
||||
return os.WriteFile(dst, in, 0o640) //nolint:gosec // relocating a built image
|
||||
}
|
||||
43
internal/runtime/qemu_test.go
Normal file
43
internal/runtime/qemu_test.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
package runtime
|
||||
|
||||
import "testing"
|
||||
|
||||
func TestSanitizeImage(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
got := sanitizeImage("mcr.example:8443/mcdoc:v0.1.0")
|
||||
if got != "mcr.example_8443_mcdoc_v0.1.0" {
|
||||
t.Errorf("sanitizeImage = %q", got)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func TestBinaryName(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
cases := map[string]string{
|
||||
"host:8443/mcdoc:v0.1.0": "mcdoc",
|
||||
"mcdoc:v1": "mcdoc",
|
||||
"reg/uktest": "uktest",
|
||||
}
|
||||
for in, want := range cases {
|
||||
if got := binaryName(in); got != want {
|
||||
t.Errorf("binaryName(%q) = %q, want %q", in, got, want)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func TestHostForward(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
cases := map[string]string{
|
||||
"100.88.197.9:18080:8080": "tcp:100.88.197.9:18080-:8080",
|
||||
"18080:8080": "tcp:127.0.0.1:18080-:8080",
|
||||
"8080": "tcp:127.0.0.1:8080-:8080",
|
||||
}
|
||||
for in, want := range cases {
|
||||
if got := hostForward(in); got != want {
|
||||
t.Errorf("hostForward(%q) = %q, want %q", in, got, want)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func TestGuestPorts(t *testing.T) {
|
||||
got := guestPorts([]string{"100.88.197.9:18080:8080", "9090"})
|
||||
if len(got) != 2 || got[0] != "8080" || got[1] != "9090" {
|
||||
t.Errorf("guestPorts = %v", got)
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ type ContainerSpec struct {
|
||||
Volumes []string // "host:container" volume mounts
|
||||
Cmd []string // command and arguments
|
||||
Env []string // environment variables (KEY=VALUE)
|
||||
|
||||
// Unikernel-only fields (ignored by the container runtime).
|
||||
MemoryMB int // guest memory in MB (default 256)
|
||||
VCPUs int // guest vCPUs (default 1)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// ContainerInfo describes the observed state of a running or stopped container.
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user